Microsoft surface ftir

Good quality spectra were produced for five of the nine slides, and one slide had a weak spectrum, but this only contained one of the three strong IR bands of the mineral oil. The slides had been exposed for almost 60 days and large amounts of dust were visible.

The IR spectra indicated the dust was mainly proteinaceous, likely to be either skin or woollen fibres. Haze is more commonly used for single events and the general exposure period would be much shorter, meaning much less deposited dust. This indicated skin flakes were the major component of the dust.

A controlled volume 0. The PQC was allowed to dry for 7 days in a fume cupboard and no spreading of the sample beyond the gold contact was confirmed with examination in UV light the oil fluoresced strongly on both gold and quartz. The blue spectrum is the inner surface of the glass and shows a larger splitting factor than the red spectrum which is the outer surface.

In all instances, the inner glass surface was significantly more degraded than the outer surface. This indicates the environment inside the Daguerreotype packets is more corrosive than that in the showcase. As expected, the glass at the centre of the cross sections did not show distinct peaks and no splitting value could be determined. Several spectra were taken at each point measured with the laser previously.

The results for the interior glass splitting value versus glass to image or matt depth for two glasses George and Annie are shown in Fig. The degree of degradation of the glass, indicated by the splitting value, is greater for the shorter distance gaps above the matts for both glasses. There is a rough negative correlation with depth and the slopes are different for the smaller glass-to-matt and much deeper glass-to-image analyses. The slopes are different for each of the two glass plates shown.

This may indicate differences in the environment inside the two packets or differences in glass susceptibility due to different glass compositions. Records as far back as the s indicate both Daguerreotypes were stored or displayed together, meaning the external environment was the same. Although, the condition of the glass when the packet was made is unknown and that from George could have been stored for longer before use or in more aggressive conditions.

Additionally, the ingress of pollutants such as formic acid and water vapour depends on the exact sealing of the packets and will probably differ between them. Research on Daguerreotype glass degradation is very limited. Whilst much progress has been made in understanding buried glass deterioration [ 22 ], there are few studies of the atmospheric processes occurring on historic glass compositions. These have been reviewed [ 23 ]. The deterioration within a Daguerreotype packet is clearly more rapid than in the ambient air around the packet and more complex.

These results appear to be based on visual examination, although the authors characterised the corrosion products and bulk glass chemistries and mentioned undertaking SIMS and microRaman analyses, which were not reported or published subsequently.

This result contradicts that work and emphasizes that although visual examination is a valuable first step, it can be misleading. This may have important ramifications for understanding the deterioration mechanism.

For example, both accelerating pollutant ingress such as formic acid and condensation would be expected to have more impact at the edges or in narrower spaces. Both of these occur more strongly above the matt in Daguerreotype packets.

Each point is the average of eight measurements of each different depth sample. The error bars are 2 standard deviations of the peak area measured. Figure 5 shows representative results of the water depth analysis with subsequent excimer ablations. Those depth segments of the wax with significant water present are marked in blue.

The excluded RH values showed similar results and the samples with both the minimum and maximum depth of water present are included in Fig. Ablation sections with blue and without grey water in Renaissance Wax exposed to different atmospheres.

Based on these results, it is clear that water is present in the lower portion of the wax, adjacent to the steel surface. Full results of the corrosion experiments and their interpretation have been published separately [ 25 ].

The localization of the water and particularly evidence that ambient drying does not remove it, was essential in understanding the poor performance of the wax observed. The danger of holding water close to a metal surface has been recognised [ 26 ] and whilst poor performance of microcrystalline waxes has been measured [ 27 , 28 , 29 ], the causes have not been investigated previously.

Results of the PeaSoup haze calibration are shown in Fig. FTIR calibration for Haze. The infra-red produced good spectra at 10 times dilution of this, but not at a 20 times dilution.

The detection limit is estimated at 0. However, the calibration line is a good linear fit at masses from 1 to 65 ng. Assuming this is valid, the detection limit is over fifty times lower than the commercial method. Results of the analyses are shown in Table 1. Haze deposits were detected in adjacent galleries, which had been invisible to the previous method. The long term effects of the haze on objects therefore becomes important.

The mineral oil has a very low vapour pressure and will not evaporate over several years and probably decades. Repetition of the calibration with the original samples after 12 months, showed no detectable loss of oil. Three obvious mechanisms occur by which the haze residues could have deleterious effects. Increased soiling rates: For many surfaces dust particles leave the surface as well as depositing [ 31 ], the haze could adhere particles, preventing this happening. Increased moisture content: The mineral oil has some hygroscopicity, which may corrode metal surfaces at lower humidities [ 32 ] and may increase the degradation rate for many organic materials [ 33 ].

Mould germination at lower RH: for some uncommon mould species this effect has been reported for glycerol [ 34 ]. Similar effects may occur with moulds observed on heritage collections. Potential increased soiling rates were investigated by exposing duplicate glass slides horizontally and vertically to the floor , in a room and adjacent rooms during haze use for filming 1 day, ml Pea Soup haze at Eltham Palace.

The day after filming, one set of slides was removed and another clean set of slides were exposed adjacent to the first slides. The slides were analysed with automated image analysis under a microscope [ 35 ]. Results are shown in Table 2. As can be seen, there is very low measureable deposition of dust during haze use. The haze droplets are so small 0. For all the slides, the dust deposition rate increased dramatically with the haze residues present.

The effect was stronger for vertically oriented slides. This is particularly concerning for fragile surfaces and in historic houses, where housekeeping consumes a very significant part of preventive conservation budgets [ 36 ]. Mineral oils generally have very low hygroscopicity, compared to glycerol [ 37 , 38 ]. This is extremely unlikely to affect physical response or chemical aging. It is clear haze should be used with caution. Small amounts are deposited in adjacent rooms.

The low level deposits increase soiling rates and although a single exposure is unlikely to have adverse effects on organic materials through increased moisture content, multiple exposures will be cumulative.

Work is underway investigating the effects on metal corrosion and some literature indicates the potential for mould germination at lower RH values [ 34 ]. Further research is required to fully assess the long term risk. More sensitive analysis gives earlier detection of degradation, which is extremely useful for conservation. The more widely used SEM examination of cross sections could not determine a gel layer on the Daguerreotype cover glass surfaces, while using the most surface-sensitive ATR crystal has both determined, and quantified, the gel layer.

The enhanced deterioration on the inside glass surfaces indicates the environment is more corrosive inside the Daguerreotype packets than in the showcase.

The distribution of deterioration gives important indications on the likely degradation mechanisms. The method is non-invasive and suitable for sound glass.

The information depth can be extended by using a lower refractive index ATR crystal, such as zinc sulfide, which would extend the information depth to 1. Total reflection FTIR can also be used and has been shown to successfully give decent quality spectra at least on some glasses to a depth of up to 2.

If sensitive analysis can be repeated at the same point, or using statistical methods across a surface after a time period, real rates of degradation can be analysed. The importance of this cannot be over-emphasised, as surrogate materials are often poor replicas of actual aged historical materials; many heritage environments are complex and their effects are difficult to replicate with simple laboratory experiments.

The assessment of conservation treatment performance is critical to improving conservation practice. The interaction of conservation materials with the environment and artefacts is frequently a surface phenomenon. The identification of liquid waters presence at the steel wax interface contributes to explaining the poor performance of Renaissance Wax and enhanced corrosion of steel coated with it, at higher relative humidities.

I want to make a surface like this. How did you apply the compliant surface. I want to know the material information you have used…. The materials I used are listed above: general purpose bathroom silicone and a waterproof drafting film. I also described above how I applied the silicone. To get started, I got hold of the following items: Drafting film waterproof, not requiring an additional protective layer General purpose clear silicone cheap stuff Foam roller to actually apply the silicone I applied a single layer of silicone to the drafting film, using the foam roller, and let it dry overnight.

Silicone applied to drafting film The result definitely exceeded my exceptions! All the best, Nick. Elseviers, Amsterdam. Domininghaus H Die Kunststoffe und ihre Eigenschaften, 2. Roush PB ed The design, sample handling, and applications of infrared microscopes.

Angewandte Infrarotspektroskopie, Issue Paper No Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Reprints and Permissions. Oelichmann, J. Surface and depth-profile analysis using FTIR spectroscopy. Download citation. Received : 12 September Issue Date : January FTIR spectroscopy is an established technique for quality control when evaluating industrially manufactured material, and can often serve as the first step in the material analysis process.

A change in the characteristic pattern of absorption bands clearly indicates a change in the composition of the material or the presence of contamination. If problems with the product are identified by visual inspection, the origin is typically determined by FTIR microanalysis. This technique is useful for analyzing the chemical composition of smaller particles, typically 10 microns, as well as larger areas on the surface.

FTIR Spectograph. We have shown that FTIR spectroscopy is a very powerful tool with many applications, however data interpretation is not straightforward. By nature, the total spectrum generated is a series function of absorbed energy response hence the Fourier Transform portion of the name. The absorbed bands presented in the spectrum are only somewhat discrete and degenerative.

The spectrum must be interpreted as a whole system and therefore probably demands the most experienced analysts in all of the spectrographic techniques in correctly characterizing the functionality presented. Yes there are libraries which can yield lookup information but these libraries are limited in scope and depth compared to the millions of industrial chemicals used, and also will not account for mixtures of chemicals which can yield erroneous search information.